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美國(guó)Seracare熱滅活大腸桿菌O121:H19陽(yáng)性對(duì)照

當(dāng)你期待的東西——比如你在餐廳點(diǎn)餐——或者引發(fā)你興趣的東西，這時(shí)*的電節(jié)律就會(huì)席卷你的大腦。這些電波被稱(chēng)為伽馬振蕩，它們反映了細(xì)胞的交響曲，即興奮性和抑制性相互協(xié)調(diào)。盡管γ波的作用一直有爭(zhēng)論，但其已與更高級(jí)別的腦功能相關(guān)聯(lián)，以及它的干擾模式已與精神分裂癥，阿爾茨海默氏病，自閉癥，癲癇癥和其它疾病有關(guān)。
現(xiàn)在，索爾克研究所的新研究表明，小有名氣的被稱(chēng)為星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的大腦支持細(xì)胞，實(shí)際上可能是控制這些電波的主要參與者。相關(guān)文章發(fā)表于2014年7月28日的《PNAS》雜志上。
索爾克研究人員報(bào)告了新的，意想不到的策略(通過(guò)禁用星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞而不是神經(jīng)元)減小伽馬振蕩。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，研究組表明，星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞有助于伽馬振蕩形成，這對(duì)于某些形式的記憶是至關(guān)重要的。
“這可以被稱(chēng)為一個(gè)確鑿的證據(jù)，”合作者Terrence Sejnowski說(shuō)。他是索爾克生物科學(xué)研究所計(jì)算神經(jīng)生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的負(fù)責(zé)人和霍華德休斯醫(yī)學(xué)研究所的研究員。“有數(shù)百篇論文認(rèn)為伽馬振蕩和記憶力以及注意力有關(guān)。這是*，我們已經(jīng)能夠做一個(gè)因果的實(shí)驗(yàn)。通過(guò)選擇性地阻斷伽馬振蕩，研究表明，它對(duì)大腦與世界如何相互作用有一個(gè)非常具體的影響。”
索爾克研究所的Sejnowski教授，Inder Verma和斯蒂芬·海涅曼實(shí)驗(yàn)室合作， 在小鼠的大腦中，星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞鈣信號(hào)的活動(dòng)形式緊跟在伽馬振蕩之前。這表明，星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞，和神經(jīng)元一樣，使用許多相同的化學(xué)信號(hào)影響這些振蕩。
為了驗(yàn)證他們的理論，該研究組使用攜帶破傷風(fēng)毒素的病毒禁止星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞選擇性釋放化學(xué)物質(zhì)的能力，有效地消除了細(xì)胞與鄰近細(xì)胞的溝通能力。神經(jīng)細(xì)胞不受毒素的影響。
添加化學(xué)物質(zhì)引發(fā)動(dòng)物大腦的伽馬波后，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，攜帶有缺陷的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的腦組織比含有健康細(xì)胞的組織產(chǎn)生更短的伽馬波。而且，添加三個(gè)允許研究人員有選擇地打開(kāi)和關(guān)閉星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的破傷風(fēng)毒素的基因后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)被阻斷的小鼠的伽瑪波被削弱了。關(guān)閉毒素則抗原抗體了這一效果。
星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞經(jīng)過(guò)修改后的小鼠看似*健康的。但經(jīng)過(guò)幾個(gè)認(rèn)知測(cè)試后，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，它們?nèi)狈σ粋€(gè)主要領(lǐng)域：新物體識(shí)別。正如預(yù)期的那樣，健康小鼠比熟悉的物品花更多的時(shí)間在置放于其環(huán)境中的新物品。與此相反，該研究組的新突變小鼠處理所有的物品的時(shí)間都是相同的。
“在某種意義上說(shuō)，這原來(lái)是個(gè)驚人的結(jié)果，新物體識(shí)別記憶不只是受損，而是已經(jīng)沒(méi)了，就好像我們刪除這一種形式的記憶，而其它完好無(wú)損，” Sejnowski說(shuō)。

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【公司名稱(chēng)】 廣州健侖生物科技有限公司
【市場(chǎng)部】    楊永漢

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【騰訊  】 2042552662
【公司地址】 廣州清華科技園創(chuàng)新基地番禺石樓鎮(zhèn)創(chuàng)啟路63號(hào)二期2幢101-103室

When you look for something - such as when you order at a restaurant - or something that interests you, the unique rhythm rolls over your brain. These waves are called gamma oscillations, and they reflect the symphony of the cell, the excitatory and inhibitory coordination of each other. Although the role of gamma-wave has been debated, it has been associated with higher levels of brain function and its mode of interference has been associated with schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, autism, epilepsy and other diseases .
Now, new studies at the Salk Institute show that the little-known brain-supporting cells, called astrocytes, could actually be the main players in controlling these waves. The article was published in the July 28, 2014 PNAS magazine.
Sork researchers reported new and unexpected strategies to reduce gamma oscillations by disabling astrocytes instead of neurons. In the process, the team showed that astrocytes help form gamma oscillations, which are crucial for some forms of memory.
"This can be called a conclusive evidence," said collaborator Terrence Sejnowski. He is the head of the computational neurobiology lab at the Salk Institute for Biological Sciences and a researcher at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. "Hundreds of papers have argued that gamma oscillations are associated with memory and attention, and for the first time, we have been able to do a causal experiment, and by selectively blocking gamma oscillations, studies show how it interacts with the world The role has a very specific impact. "
In collaboration with Professor Sejnowski at the Salk Institute, Inder Verma, and Stephen Heinemann Labs, the astroglial calcium signaling activity in mice brains immediay follows gamma oscillations. This suggests that astrocytes, like neurons, affect many of these oscillations using many of the same chemical signals.
To validate their theory, the team used tetanus toxin-containing viruses to block the ability of astrocytes to selectively release chemicals, effectively eliminating the cells' ability to communicate with neighboring cells. Nerve cells are not affected by toxins.
After chemicals added to trigger the brain's gamma waves, the researchers found that brain tissue carrying defective astrocytes produced shorter gamma waves than tissues containing healthy cells. Moreover, after adding three genes that allow researchers to selectively open and close astrocytes in the tetanus toxins, they found that the gamma waves in mice blocked by astrocyte signaling were impaired It's Anti-toxin turned off this effect.
The modified astrocytes seem compley healthy. But after a few cognitive tests, the researchers found that they lacked one of the main areas: new object recognition. As expected, healthy mice spend more time placing new items in their environment than familiar items. In contrast, the new mutant mice in the study group treated all the items for the same amount of time.
"It turned out to be a surprising result in a sense that the new object recognition memory is not just damaged, but gone, just as if we deleted this form of memory while the rest were intact," Sejnowski said.